A New Conceptual Framework of Civic Settlement: Bridging Citizenship, Civilization, and Sustainable Human Habitat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53515/alqodiri.v24i3.314Keywords:
Civic Settlement , Human Settlement, Citizenship, Sustainable Development, Civilization FormationAbstract
Settlement scholarship has increasingly addressed sustainability, resilience, governance, and socio-ecological change, yet it still tends to treat settlement primarily as a spatial or functional system. Citizenship research, by contrast, examines participation, belonging, responsibility, institutions, and public life, but rarely theorizes permanent settlement as the enduring socio-spatial setting in which these civic relations are produced. This article develops Civic Settlement as an integrative conceptual framework linking these literatures. Using a Narrative Literature Review, the study compares and synthesizes interdisciplinary scholarship on human settlements, citizenship, civic culture, governance, sustainability, community development, and civilization. The synthesis identifies five interrelated dimensions: human; cultural and spiritual; governance and political; spatial-ecological; and economic and knowledge. Together, these dimensions explain how permanent communities organize belonging, shared values, institutions, environmental relations, productive activity, learning, and intergenerational continuity. Civic Settlement is therefore conceptualized as a permanent human living system in which people collectively transform inhabited space into an organized civic environment. The framework contributes a relational account of settlement that connects everyday community life with sustainable human habitat and longer-term processes of civilizational continuity, while remaining a conceptual proposition that requires empirical validation across diverse contexts.
References
Abas, A., Arifin, K., Mohamed Ali, M. A., & Khairil, M. (2023). A systematic literature review on public participation in decision-making for local authority planning: A decade of progress and challenges. Environmental Development, 46, 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100853
Abshire, C., Durham, A., Gusev, D. A., & Stafeyev, S. K. (2018). Ptolemy’s Britain and Ireland: A new digital reconstruction. Proceedings of the ICA, 1, 1.
Almeida, J. A. (2003). Justice as an aspect of the polis idea in Solon’s political poems: A reading of the fragments in light of the researches of new classical archaeology (Vol. 243). Brill.
Anthony, B., Jr. (2024). The role of community engagement in urban innovation towards the co-creation of smart sustainable cities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15, 1592–1624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01176-1
Arif, D. B. (2012). Diktat mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Civic Education. Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.
Aziz, R. (2010). Dakwah dalam paradigma pemberdayaan masyarakat Muslim. Ilmu Dakwah: Academic Journal for Homiletic Studies, 5(16), 117–144.
Banerjee, P., & Petersen, S. A. (2024). Learning in cities from within and across cities: A scoping review. Triple Helix, 10(3), 321–358. https://doi.org/10.1163/21971927-bja10044
Baso, A. (2016). Akar pendidikan kewarganegaraan di pesantren. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, 27(2), 161–186.
Baubock, R. (2010). Studying citizenship constellations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003764375
Biesta, G., Wildemeersch, D., & De Bie, M. (2014). Civic learning, democratic citizenship and the public sphere. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7259-5
Biobaku, M. O., & Fatonji, S. S. (2022). Undergraduate students’ attitudes towards communication research and ICT integration in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities, Education and Law, 5(1), 13–25.
Boffi, M., Rainisio, N., & Inghilleri, P. (2023). Nurturing cultural heritages and place attachment through street art: A longitudinal psycho-social analysis of a neighborhood renewal process. Sustainability, 15(13), 10437. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310437
Brown, H. G. (2011). A study of lead ingot cargoes from ancient Mediterranean shipwrecks.
Buda, B. L., Cornélissen, G., Tóth, G. A., Buda, B. K. I., Szolnoki, V., Veress, A., & Halberg, F. (2012). Timing in balneology: Outlines of the Sárvár Spa Study. Chronobiology, 12, 141–145.
Chen, S., Shao, C., Yu, H., & Gao, J. (2024). Navigating urban human settlement sustainability: A multi-indicator assessment based on Sustainable Development Goal 11. Journal of Cleaner Production, 472, 143509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143509
Chen, X., Rong, F., & Li, S. (2024). Driving force–pressure–state–impact–response-based evaluation of rural human settlements’ resilience and their influencing factors: Evidence from Guangdong, China. Sustainability, 16(2), 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020813
Clarke, M., Wallace, C., Cadaval, S., Egerer, M., Anderson, E., Dinkins, L., & Platero, R. (2023). Factors that enhance or hinder social cohesion in urban greenspaces: A literature review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 84, 127936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127936
Compton, R. W., Leung, H. H., & Robles, Y. (2017). Dynamics of community formation: Developing identity and notions of home. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53359-3
Connors, M. (2016). To all the world: Preaching and the new evangelization. Liturgical Press.
Council, R. B. (2009). Bromsgrove District Council: Longbridge area action plan.
Craik, E. (2020). Malaria, childbirth and the cult of Artemis. In Totelin & Flemming (Eds.), 87–100.
Dawood, M. H., & Anoma, Q. (2026). Introduction to narrative reviews: Narrative synthesis. In Practical approach to conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis (pp. 1–34). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3007-4.ch001
Desforges, L., Jones, R., & Woods, M. (2005). New geographies of citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 9(5), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020500301213
Dong-Hwan, K. (2024). Understanding society through a systems approach: Interdisciplinary perspectives from the social sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003464730
Earle, T., & Kolb, M. J. (2010). Regional settlement patterns. In Organizing Bronze Age societies: The Mediterranean, Central Europe and Scandinavia compared (pp. 57–86). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511779282.004
Elburz, Z., & Çubukçu, K. M. (2026). Dynamics of settlement hierarchy: A bibliometric analysis (1959–2024). Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.36922/JCAU025080019
Elfia, E. (2019). Masyarakat madani dan civil society. Madania: Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan Islam, 8(1), 25–34.
Esposito, D., Zanin, G. M., Balena, P., & Monno, V. (2024). Achieving SDGs through public participation in spatial planning and urban governance: International standards for effective implementation. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 467, 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54118-6_36
Evans, A. J. (1885). Antiquarian researches in Illyricum, III, and IV. Archaeologia, 49(1), 1–168.
Falanga, R. (2022). Understanding place attachment through the lens of urban regeneration: Insights from Lisbon. Cities, 122, 103590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103590
Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James’s catapult: The life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Clarendon Press.
Forst, R. (2008). Civil society. In A companion to contemporary political philosophy (pp. 452–462). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405177245.ch19
Fulton, D. N. (2015). Reconsidering Nehemiah’s Judah: The case of MT and LXX Nehemia 11–12 (Vol. 80). Mohr Siebeck.
Gao, W., Lyu, W., & Liu, B. (2023). Integrating system spatial archetypes and archetypical evolutionary patterns of human settlements: Towards place-based sustainable development. Land, 12(12), 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12122164
Garcia, M. del M. C. (2020). The LiguSTAR Project: Archaeological survey techniques as applied to the study of Roman settlement on the riverbanks of the Lacus Ligustinus (Southwest Spain). Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 3(1).
Gong, Y., Li, B., Tong, D., Que, J., & Peng, H. (2023). Planner-led collaborative governance and the urban form of urban villages in redevelopment: The case of Yangji Village in Guangzhou, China. Cities, 142, 104521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104521
Gonzales, M. G. (2019). Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States. Indiana University Press.
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
Guillard, S., & McGillivray, D. (2022). Eventful policies, public spaces and neoliberal citizenship: Lessons from Glasgow. Cities, 130, 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103921
Gupta, T. (2017). The psycho-spiritual spaces for human settlement. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 1290–1294.
Hee, L. (2007). Creating new civic realms in a global city-state. In Globalization, the city and civil society in Pacific Asia: The social production of civic spaces (pp. 231–253). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203939383-20
Henry, B. M., Skinningsrud, B., Vikse, J., Pękala, P. A., Walocha, J. A., Loukas, M., Tubbs, R. S., & Tomaszewski, K. A. (2018). Systematic reviews versus narrative reviews in clinical anatomy: Methodological approaches in the era of evidence-based anatomy. Clinical Anatomy, 31(3), 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23042
Heyik, M. A., Castellanos-Escobar, M. C., Romero-Martínez, J. M., & Çalışkan, Z. (2024). Exploring citizens’ perspectives on participatory design and planning: A comparative study across three capital cities. Urban Governance, 4(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.03.003
Horelli, L., & Wallin, S. (2024). Civic engagement in urban planning and development. Land, 13(9), 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091446
Huda, M., Jasmi, K. A., Alas, Y., Qodriah, S. L., Dacholfany, M. I., & Jamsari, E. A. (2017). Empowering civic responsibility: Insights from service learning. In Engaged scholarship and civic responsibility in higher education (pp. 144–165). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3649-9.ch007
Indratno, I., Agustina, I. H., Chamid, C., Siddik, A. M., Kuntoro, S. H., & Artikel, I. (2020). Mengungkap struktur permukiman komunitas Akur (Adat Karuhun Urang) Cigugur Kabupaten Kuningan. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota, 16(3), 198–213.
Inthorn, S. (2017). Civic cultures. In The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of social theory (pp. 1–3). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0587
İnal-Çekiç, T., Kozaman-Aygün, S., & Bilen, Ö. (2024). Reflections on place attachment: Perceptions of urban redevelopment in an informal neighborhood in Istanbul. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 39, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-023-10037-x
Jamal, F., Bertotti, M., Lorenc, T., & Harden, A. (2015). Reviewing conceptualisations of community: Reflections on a meta-narrative approach. Qualitative Research, 15(3), 314–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794113509262
Jankó, F. (2005). Importance of historical data collection and handling for the studies on settlement morphology. Foldrajzi Ertesito, 54(3–4), 365–376.
Juntunen, M., & Lehenkari, M. (2021). A narrative literature review process for an academic business research thesis. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1630813
Kowalewski, S. A. (2008). Regional settlement pattern studies. Journal of Archaeological Research, 16(3), 225–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-008-9020-8
Krüger, J. (2022). JK-Karlsruhe churches: The little guide to Karlsruhe’s churches.
Lamichhane, B. (2023). Prospects of religious tourism in Nepal. The Journal of Social Sciences Studies and Research, 3(2), 54–61.
League of Nations. (1936). Treaty series: Treaties and international engagements registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations.
Lemanski, C. (2020). Infrastructural citizenship: The everyday citizenships of adapting and/or destroying public infrastructure in Cape Town, South Africa. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(3), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12370
Leung, H. H. (2017). Introduction: Home, community and identity. In Dynamics of community formation: Developing identity and notions of home (pp. 3–12). https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53359-3_1
Lin, G., Yu, X., & Li, Y. (2024). Social network dynamics in rural public spaces of multi-ethnic settlements: A case study from Tongren, China. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 102, 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.06.003
Liu, R., Zhang, L., Tang, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Understanding and evaluating the resilience of rural human settlements with a social-ecological system framework: The case of Chongqing Municipality, China. Land Use Policy, 136, 106966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106966
Liu, S., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2022). Contrasting migrants’ sense of belonging to the city in selected peri-urban neighbourhoods in Beijing. Cities, 120, 103499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103499
Lobo, J., Bettencourt, L. M. A., Smith, M. E., & Ortman, S. (2020). Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems. Urban Studies, 57(4), 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019873796
Lu, W., Qiu, B., & Wu, Y. (2024). Exploration of urban community renewal governance for adaptive improvement. Habitat International, 144, 102999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102999
Lukman. (2019). Pengembangan masyarakat sebagai konsep dakwah. Jurnal Bina Ummat: Membina dan Membentengi Ummat, 2(2), 21–44.
Ma, R., Wang, T., Zhang, W., Yu, J., Wang, D., Chen, L., Jiang, Y., & Feng, G. (2016). Overview and progress of Chinese geographical human settlement research. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26(8), 1159–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-016-1320-1
Martinez, J. C. (1998). Urban planning and the creation of memories in Los Angeles, 1780–1880. California State University, Fullerton.
Masrom, M. A. N., Ohueri, C. C., Azman, A. N., & Chan, M. (2024). Guidelines for facilitating stakeholders’ roles in community engagement in green social infrastructure development. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology, 15(1 Special Issue), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijscet.2024.15.01.001
Mateo-Babiano, I., & Fong, A. (2024). Integrating multiculturalism in public space policy and place governance. Urban Governance, 4(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2024.01.001
Matić, V., Janićević, S., & Čerović, S. (2007). The cultural inheritance of the River Gradac in the role of tourism development in the area of Valjevo. Geographica Pannonica, 11, 65–69.
Mei, L., Liu, K., Xiong, L., & Zhu, B.-W. (2022). Approach based on data mining for exploring the hierarchical decision-making rules between the generation of transnational immigrants’ sense of place in religious spaces and perception of the environment. Religions, 13(3), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030195
Meurs, P., & Colautti, F. (2006). Olinda pilot of a new project. In The architecture annual 2004–2005: Delft University of Technology (pp. 34–37). 010.
Meurs, P., & Verhoef, L. G. W. (2006). World Heritage Site Olinda in Brazil: Proposals for intervention. IOS Press.
Mulyati, A., & Zaenal, Z. (2022). Kinship in the establishment of settlements for remote Indigenous peoples in Central Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1075(1), 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1075/1/012049
Munoz, C. M., Tomka, S. A., & Mauldin, R. P. (2010). An intensive pedestrian archaeological survey of the Helton San Antonio River Nature Park in Wilson County, Texas. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.
Muth, S., De Staebler, P., Schnelle, M., & Schneider, P. (2016). Ancient fortifications: A compendium of theory and practice.
Nicotera, N. (2008). Building skills for civic engagement: Children as agents of neighborhood change. Journal of Community Practice, 16(2), 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705420801998045
Oosterhoff, B., Alvis, L., Deutchman, D., Poppler, A., & Palmer, C. A. (2021). Civic development within the peer context: Associations between early adolescent social connectedness and civic engagement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(9), 1870–1883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01465-5
Pautasso, M. (2019). The structure and conduct of a narrative literature review. In A guide to the scientific career: Virtues, communication, research, and academic writing (pp. 299–310). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118907283.ch31
Pelzer, P., Bontje, M., & Musterd, S. (2012). Inventive city-regions: Path dependence and creative knowledge strategies. Ashgate Publishing.
Pittman, E. (2023). Realist synthesis: An innovative approach to literature review for complex management phenomena. In Review of management literature (Vol. 2, pp. 137–159). https://doi.org/10.1108/S2754-586520230000002008
Priest, J. (2004). The state of wireless London. Wireless London.
Pumain, D. (2017). An evolutionary approach to settlement systems. In New forms of urbanization: Beyond the urban-rural dichotomy (pp. 231–247). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315248073-12
Qi, J., Mazumdar, S., & Vasconcelos, A. C. (2024). Understanding the relationship between urban public space and social cohesion: A systematic review. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 7, 155–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-024-00204-5
Repaská, G., Vilinová, K., Dubcová, A., & Kramáreková, H. (2015). Residential identity as a phenomenon in the context of suburbanization (case study of suburbs of the city of Nitra). Geograficky Casopis, 67(2), 107–126.
Rocco, R. (2013). Associational rights-claims, civil society and place. In Democracy, citizenship and the global city (pp. 219–239). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203354384-21
Roell, C. H. (2014). Remember Goliad!: A history of La Bahía (Vol. 9). Texas A&M University Press.
Rosales, R. (2017). Community as the material basis of citizenship: The unfinished story of American democracy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113159
Santhosh, S. (2014). A spectre of Velivada haunts Indian politics: Thinking with Shaheen Bagh. RAIOT: Challenging the Consensus. https://raiot.in/a-spectre-of-velivada-haunts-indian-politics-thinking-with-shaheen-bagh/
Sayyad Abdi, E., Partridge, H., Bruce, C., & Watson, J. (2019). Skilled immigrants: A resettlement information literacy framework. Journal of Documentation, 75(4), 892–908.
Schmidt, S., Nuhu, S., Thomas, R., & Li, W. (2024). Place attachment, regional identity and perceptions of urbanization in Moshi, Tanzania. Habitat International, 150, 103132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2024.103132
Schortgen, A. C., & Scotch, R. K. (2016). The civic culture of Dallas, Texas. In Comparative civic culture: The role of local culture in urban policy-making (pp. 367–380). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315573045-23
Scott, J., & Bromley, R. (2013). Envisioning sociology: Victor Branford, Patrick Geddes, and the quest for social reconstruction.
Seeliger, G. (1909). The state and seigniorial authority in early German history. The American Historical Review, 14(2), 237–248.
Shahid, M., Rana, I. A., Jamshed, A., Najam, F. A., Ali, A., & Aslam, A. (2022). Quantifying the role of social capital for enhancing urban resilience against climate crisis: Empirical evidence from formal and informal settlements of Pakistan. Cities, 130, 103851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103851
Staeheli, L. A. (2011). Political geography: Where’s citizenship? Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510370671
Stammwitz, U. (2019). The beginnings and early development of Lübeck’s. In A companion to medieval Lübeck.
Summerfield, E. (2023). Educating leaders in sustainability using history. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Summerfield, L. (2017). An innovator for our times: George Goyder and Australian forestry. Journal of Sustainability Education, 16.
Swerida, J. (2022). Revisiting “settlement”: A case study of terminology and Early Bronze Age southeast Arabia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 65, 101382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101382
Szende, K. (2016). Buda and the urban development of East Central Europe. In Medieval Buda in context (pp. 526–558). Brill Academic Publishers.
Theile, C. M., & Beall, A. L. (2024). Narrative reviews of the literature: An overview. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 98(1), 78–82.
Thumerelle, P.-J. (2024). History of world population and settlement. In Global settlement dynamics (pp. 1–32). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394340590.ch1
Tian, S., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Yang, J., Li, H., Cong, X., & Sun, H. (2024). Theory and practice, integration and development of human settlements geography. Dili Xuebao/Acta Geographica Sinica, 79(8), 2115–2140. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202408013
Tkachenko, A. A. (2018). Key concepts of the settlement theory: An attempt of rethinking. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya 5: Geografiya, (2), 10–15.
UBE. (2024). What’s going on with China’s ghost cities? University of the Built Environment. https://www.ube.ac.uk/whats-happening/articles/ghost-cities/
Urano, S., Koiwa, N., Fukatsu, Y., Hasegawa, T., Baytak, I., & Koçak, Ö. (2025). Two approaches in a preliminary archaeological survey of Polybotos (Dura Yeri–Hacı Murat) prior to the excavation. 史苑, 85(1), 221–246.
Verhagen, P. (2017). Spatial analysis in archaeology: Moving into new territories. In Digital geoarchaeology: New techniques for interdisciplinary human-environmental research (pp. 11–25). Springer.
Wan, S. H. (2022). Disciplining otherness in the tropics: Dutch philanthropic sites and the urbanization of Indonesian ports, 1640–1730. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 81(4), 420–440.
Wilby, M. J. (2012). Control, co-operation and conflict: An interdisciplinary study of later medieval urban water management in Britain AD 1066–1540. University of Exeter.
Winter, A., Wiseman, J., & Muirhead, B. (2006). University-community engagement in Australia: Practice, policy and public good. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 1(3), 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197906064675
Wolff, A. (2002). Britannica concise encyclopedia. 한국브리태니커회사.
Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092
Wotela, K. (2017). Conceptualising conceptual frameworks in public and business management research. Proceedings of the European Conference on Research Methods in Business and Management Studies, 370–379.
Yang, J., You, H., Zhang, Y., & Jin, C. (2020). Research progress on human settlements: From traditional data to big data+. Progress in Geography, 39(1), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.01.016
Yarwood, R. (2013). Citizenship. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501641
Yilmaz, B., Saricam, S., Aslan, F., & Atik, A. (2014). Landscape characteristics of Battalgazi archaeological and historical settlement in Malatya, Turkey, its protection problems and solutions. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 15(3), 1181–1190.
Zhang, Y., You, C., Pundir, P., & Meijering, L. (2023). Migrants’ community participation and social integration in urban areas: A scoping review. Cities, 141, 104447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104447
Zhivkov, V., & Varbanov, V. (2024). “Measuring” the chronology of the so-called Moesian countermarks. Research Announcements “Heritage BG”, 7, 148–157.
Zhong, Q., Chen, Y., & Yan, J. (2023). Comprehensive evaluation of community human settlement resilience and spatial characteristics based on the supply–demand mismatch between health activities and environment: A case study of downtown Shanghai, China. Globalization and Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00976-z
Zhou, W., Zhou, Y., Guo, X., & Tang, X. (2024). Examining resilience indices and influencing factors in Xishuangbanna Community Conserved Areas, southwest China. Journal for Nature Conservation, 81, 126659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126659
Zhu, M., & Wang, D. (2022). Comparison of human settlement research in geography and architecture from the perspective of a theory tree. Dili Xuebao/Acta Geographica Sinica, 77(4), 795–817. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb202204003
Özgüven, B. (2004). From the Ottoman province to the colony: Late Ottoman educational buildings in Nicosia. METU JFA, 12, 1–2.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Haryo Budi Rahmadi, Cecep Darmawan, Syaifullah Syaifullah, Leni Anggraeni, Sri Wahyuni Tanshzil, Junaidi Junaidi, Mulia Sari (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
