AI, Deepfakes, and Muslim Domestic Conflict: New Challenges of Islamic Family Law in the Age of Technology
Authors
-
Aslati
UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Indonesia
Indonesia
Author
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53515/alqodiri.v24i3.291Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Deepfake, Cyber-Domestic Violence, Digital Evidence, Islamic Family LawAbstract
Generative artificial intelligence has made realistic synthetic audio, images, and video increasingly accessible, creating new risks when manipulated media is used within intimate and family relationships. This study examines deepfake-based cyber-domestic violence as a problem for Islamic family law and for the assessment of electronic evidence in Indonesia's Religious Courts. It uses qualitative library research with normative, philosophical, and socio-technological approaches, drawing on authoritative Islamic sources, Indonesian legal materials, and peer-reviewed scholarship on deepfakes, technology-facilitated abuse, digital forensics, and Islamic AI ethics. The analysis indicates that non-consensual intimate deepfakes, voice cloning, and fabricated digital records can intensify coercive control, damage personal and family honor, and complicate judicial assessment of authenticity. The study reconstructs al-bayyinah for the digital environment through three linked evidentiary dimensions: metadata and provenance integrity, documented chain of custody, and forensic expert assessment when authenticity is disputed. This framework is interpreted through hifz al-'ird, hifz al-nafs, tabayyun, and sadd al-dhari'ah, while distinguishing current Indonesian law from the reforms proposed by the author. The study concludes that Religious Courts require clearer procedures for contested synthetic evidence and closer coordination between family-law remedies, digital-forensic practice, and victim protection.
References
Afrouz, R. (2023). The nature, patterns and consequences of technology-facilitated domestic abuse: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 913–927. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211046752
Ali, F., Bouzoubaa, K., Gelli, F., Hamzi, B., & Khan, S. (2025). Islamic ethics and AI: An evaluation of existing approaches to AI using trusteeship ethics. Philosophy & Technology, 38, Article 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00922-4
Cheong, P. H. (2021). Bounded religious automation at work: Communicating human authority in artificial intelligence networks. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 45(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859920977133
D'Anna, T., Puntarello, M., Cannella, G., Scalzo, G., Buscemi, R., Zerbo, S., & Argo, A. (2023). The chain of custody in the era of modern forensics: From the classic procedures for gathering evidence to the new challenges related to digital data. Healthcare, 11(5), Article 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050634
Elmahjub, E. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) in Islamic ethics: Towards pluralist ethical benchmarking for AI. Philosophy & Technology, 36, Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00668-x
Elmahjub, E., & Qadir, J. (2023). How to program autonomous vehicle (AV) crash algorithms: An Islamic ethical perspective. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 21(4), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-02-2023-0015
Fallis, D. (2021). The epistemic threat of deepfakes. Philosophy & Technology, 34(4), 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00419-2
Ferreira, D. B., & Gromova, E. A. (2024). Digital evidence in disputes involving states. AJIL Unbound, 118, 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2024.4
Gamez-Guadix, M., Sorrel, M. A., & Martinez-Bacaicoa, J. (2023). Technology-facilitated sexual violence perpetration and victimization among adolescents: A network analysis. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20, 1000–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-022-00775-y
Ghaly, M. (2024). What makes work 'good' in the age of artificial intelligence (AI)? Islamic perspectives on AI-mediated work ethics. The Journal of Ethics, 28, 429–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-023-09456-3
Henry, N., Gavey, N., & Johnson, K. (2023). Image-based sexual abuse as a means of coercive control: Victim-survivor experiences. Violence Against Women, 29(6–7), 1206–1226. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221114918
Indonesian Ulema Council. (2017). Fatwa Number 24 of 2017 concerning law and guidelines for muamalah through social media.
Kamali, M. H. (2022). History and jurisprudence of the maqasid: A critical appraisal. American Journal of Islam and Society, 38(3–4), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v38i3-4.3110
Kietzmann, J., Lee, L. W., McCarthy, I. P., & Kietzmann, T. C. (2020). Deepfakes: Trick or treat? Business Horizons, 63(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.11.006
Kira, B. (2024). When non-consensual intimate deepfakes go viral: The insufficiency of the UK Online Safety Act. Computer Law & Security Review, 54, Article 106024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106024
Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., Turley, E. L., Gilfoyle, K., & Stavropoulou, N. (2025). Deepfake technology and gender-based violence: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380251384271
Lone, A. H., & Mir, R. N. (2019). Forensic-chain: Blockchain based digital forensics chain of custody with PoC in Hyperledger Composer. Digital Investigation, 28, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.01.002
McGlynn, C., & Toparlak, R. T. (2025). The 'new voyeurism': Criminalizing the creation of 'deepfake porn'. Journal of Law and Society, 52(2), 204–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12527
Mirsky, Y., & Lee, W. (2021). The creation and detection of deepfakes: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(1), Article 7, 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1145/3425780
Mubarak, R., Alsboui, T., Alshaikh, O., Inuwa-Dutse, I., Khan, S., & Parkinson, S. (2023). A survey on the detection and impacts of deepfakes in visual, audio, and textual formats. IEEE Access, 11, 144497–144529. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3344653
Nawi, A., Mohd Yaakob, M. F., Chua, C. R., Khamis, N. Y., & Tamuri, A. H. (2021). A preliminary survey of Muslim experts' views on artificial intelligence. Islamiyyat, 43(2), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.17576/islamiyyat-2021-4302-01
Neale, C. (2023). Fool me once: A systematic review of techniques to authenticate digital artefacts. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 45, Article 301516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301516
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. V. H., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, D. T., Huynh-The, T., Nahavandi, S., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q.-V., & Nguyen, C. M. (2022). Deep learning for deepfakes creation and detection: A survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 223, Article 103525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2022.103525
Paradiso, M. N., Rolle, L., & Trombetta, T. (2024). Image-based sexual abuse associated factors: A systematic review. Journal of Family Violence, 39, 931–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00557-z
Patil, H., Kohli, R. K., Puri, S., & Puri, P. (2024). Potential applicability of blockchain technology in the maintenance of chain of custody in forensic casework. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 14, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-023-00383-w
Rackley, E., McGlynn, C., Johnson, K., Henry, N., Gavey, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2021). Seeking justice and redress for victim-survivors of image-based sexual abuse. Feminist Legal Studies, 29, 293–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-021-09460-8
Rana, M. S., Nobi, M. N., Murali, B., & Sung, A. H. (2022). Deepfake detection: A systematic literature review. IEEE Access, 10, 25494–25513. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3154404
Raquib, A., Channa, B., Zubair, T., & Qadir, J. (2022). Islamic virtue-based ethics for artificial intelligence. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 2, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00028-2
Republic of Indonesia. (1991). Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 1991 concerning the dissemination of the Compilation of Islamic Law.
Republic of Indonesia. (2004). Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.
Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.
Republic of Indonesia. (2016). Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.
Republic of Indonesia. (2022a). Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes.
Republic of Indonesia. (2022b). Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.
Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.
Rogers, M. M., Fisher, C., Ali, P., Allmark, P., & Fontes, L. (2023). Technology-facilitated abuse in intimate relationships: A scoping review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2210–2226. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221090218
Romero-Moreno, F. (2025). Deepfake detection in generative AI: A legal framework proposal to protect human rights. Computer Law & Security Review, 58, Article 106162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106162
Sparks, B., Stephens, S., & Trendell, S. (2023). Image-based sexual abuse: Victim-perpetrator overlap and risk-related correlates of coerced sexting, non-consensual dissemination of intimate images, and cyberflashing. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, Article 107879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107879
Sunde, N., & Dror, I. E. (2019). Cognitive and human factors in digital forensics: Problems, challenges, and the way forward. Digital Investigation, 29, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.03.011
Tolosana, R., Vera-Rodriguez, R., Fierrez, J., Morales, A., & Ortega-Garcia, J. (2020). Deepfakes and beyond: A survey of face manipulation and fake detection. Information Fusion, 64, 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2020.06.014
Tuan Ibrahim, T. M. F. H., Nur Muhamad, N. H., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2025). Chain of custody parameters for digital forensic evidence in Shariah criminal court proceedings. IIUM Law Journal, 33(2), 205–240. https://doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v33i2.1088
Umbach, R., Henry, N., Shelby, R., Stevens, G., & Gonzalez-Pons, K. (2026). AI-generated image-based sexual abuse: Perpetration and consumption across three regions. Computers in Human Behavior, 179, Article 108935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2026.108935
Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408
van der Sloot, B., & Wagensveld, Y. (2022). Deepfakes: Regulatory challenges for the synthetic society. Computer Law & Security Review, 46, Article 105716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105716
Verdoliva, L. (2020). Media forensics and deepfakes: An overview. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 14(5), 910–932. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2020.3002101
Viola, M., & Voto, C. (2023). Designed to abuse? Deepfakes and the non-consensual diffusion of intimate images. Synthese, 201, Article 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-04012-2
Wu, H., & Zheng, G. (2020). Electronic evidence in the blockchain era: New rules on authenticity and integrity. Computer Law & Security Review, 36, Article 105401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105401
Yavuz, C. (2025). Adverse human rights impacts of dissemination of nonconsensual sexual deepfakes in the framework of European Convention on Human Rights: A victim-centered perspective. Computer Law & Security Review, 56, Article 106108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2025.106108
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aslati (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
